Assembly of vertically aligned nanotube arrays containing particles and application thereof

A process for manufacturing a nanotube assembly, comprising:

• forming a first layer of a first conductive material;
• forming a nanotube layer of vertically aligned nanotube array on the first layer, wherein the vertically aligned nanotube array comprises a plurality of nanotubes, and wherein a nanotube of the nanotube layer comprises a first end against the first layer and a second end;
• introducing one or more nano-particles within the nanotube, wherein at least one of the nano-particles is charged, and wherein the at least one of the nano-particles is capable of moving along the nanotube under influence of an electric field;
• and
• forming a second layer of a second conductive material on the nanotube layer, wherein the second end is against the second layer, wherein a resistance from the first end to the first layer is controlled to be substantially different from a resistance from the second end to the second layer.