Coating processes using waterborne curable film-forming compositions containing polymers derived from natural gas raw materials

A method for forming a composite coating on a substrate comprising:

• (A) applying a first coating composition to at least a portion of a surface of the substrate;
• and
• (B) applying a second coating composition to at least a portion of the first coating formed in step (A) prior to substantially heating or curing the first coating, to form a secondary coating thereon and yielding a composite coating;
• wherein the first and/or second coating composition is a waterborne curable film-forming composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of:
• (a) internally crosslinked polymeric microparticles having a core-shell morphology and having reactive functional groups;
• and
• (b) a crosslinking agent having functional groups reactive with functional groups on the polymeric microparticles;
• wherein the core of the polymeric microparticles is prepared from a monomer mixture comprising at least 20 percent by weight of a monomer having the structure:
• wherein X is N or O;
• R is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or R is bonded to X to form a 5- to 7-member ring;
• based on the total weight of monomers in the monomer mixture.