Materials treatable by particle beam processing apparatus and methods of making the same

A method for making a layered material, comprising:

• providing a substrate;
• applying an ink formulation on at least a portion of the substrate, the ink formulation comprising an ink and at least one energy-curable monomer selected from acrylates, vinyl ethers, and cycloaliphatic diepoxides, wherein said ink is selected from air-dryable and thermally-dryable inks;
• drying the ink formulation, wherein said drying is not achieved by exposure to energy-curing radiation;
• applying a lacquer on at least a portion of the ink formulation, the lacquer comprising at least one energy-curable monomer selected from acrylates, vinyl ethers, and cycloaliphatic diepoxides, wherein at least a portion of said ink formulation and at least a portion of said lacquer are selected to permit at least some chemical bonding to each other, and
• wherein the acrylate in the ink formulation and/or lacquer is a multifunctional acrylate ester selected from acrylated polyols having a molecular weight ranging from 150 to 600;
• polyester acrylates having a molecular weight ranging from 1000 to 2000;
• polyether acrylates having a molecular weight ranging from 200 to 1500;
• polyester urethane acrylates having a molecular weight ranging from 400 to 2000;
• polyurea acrylates having a molecular weight ranging from 400 to 2000;
• and epoxy acrylates having a molecular weight ranging from 300 to 1000;
• and exposing the ink formulation and lacquer to an electron beam that causes polymerization of the monomers in the ink formulation and the lacquer.