Methods and compositions for protecting or treating muscarinic receptors through administration of pyrophosphate analog in subjects exposed to toxic or carcinogenic metals or metal ions

A method for treating at least one muscarinic receptor from dysfunction resulting from exposure to at least one of the toxic metals Arsenic, Cobalt, Chromium, Nickel, Mercury, Lead, Iron, Copper, Vanadium, and Cadmium in a subject in need thereof, comprising:

• delivering an effective amount of pamidronate directly to the CNS of the subject and bypassing the blood-brain barrier by intranasally administering to the upper one-third of the subject's nasal cavity the effective amount of pamidronate, wherein the dose of pamidronate administered to the subject is within the range of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg;
• and
• treating the at least one muscarinic receptor in the subject in need thereof.

A method for treating at least one muscarinic receptor from dysfunction resulting from exposure to at least one of the carcinogenic metals Arsenic, Cobalt, Chromium, Nickel, Lead, and Cadmium in a subject in need thereof, comprising:

• delivering an effective amount of pamidronate directly to the CNS of the subject and bypassing the blood-brain barrier by intranasally administering to the upper one-third of the subject's nasal cavity the effective amount of pamidronate, wherein the dose of pamidronate administered to the subject is within the range of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg;
• and
• treating the at least one muscarinic receptor in the subject in need thereof.