Comparing data samples represented by characteristic functions

An apparatus comprising:

• a memory configured to store a first set of samples and a second set of samples;
• and one or more processors configured to:
• generate a first characteristic function representing the first set of samples and a second characteristic function representing the second set of samples;
• transform the first characteristic function and the second characteristic function to a first arithmetic function and a second arithmetic function, respectively;
• calculate a first hash code and a second hash code from the first arithmetic function and the second arithmetic function, respectively;
• if the first hash code equals the second hash code, designate the first set of samples and the second set of samples as equivalent;
• and
• otherwise, designate the first set of samples and the second set of samples as not equivalent.

One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing code, when executed by one or more processors, configured to:

• generate a first characteristic function representing a first set of samples and a second characteristic function representing a second set of samples;
• transform the first characteristic function and the second characteristic function to a first arithmetic function and a second arithmetic function, respectively;
• calculate a first hash code and a second hash code from the first arithmetic function and the second arithmetic function, respectively;
• if the first hash code equals the second hash code, designate the first set of samples and the second set of samples as equivalent;
• and
• otherwise, designate the first set of samples and the second set of samples as not equivalent.