Electrophoretic liquid, image display medium, and image display device

An image display medium comprising:

• a plurality of display elements, each display element amongst the plurality of display elements comprising an electrophoretic liquid comprising:
• a first electrophoretic particle,
• a second electrophoretic particle having a polarity opposite to that of the first electrophoretic particle,
• a non-electrophoretic particle, and
• a transparent dispersion medium;
• a first transparent electrode;
• a second electrode;
• and
• a third electrode,
• wherein the first, second, and non-electrophoretic particles are dispersed in the transparent dispersion medium,
• wherein in said each display element, the first electrode is arranged so as to face the second electrode and the third electrode, and
• wherein absorbance of the electrophoretic liquid is one or more in an entire wavelength range of 400 to 700 nm in a case where an optical length is determined as a distance between the first electrode and the second and third electrodes, and
• wherein a ratio of an absolute value of a zeta potential of the first electrophoretic particle to that of a zeta potential of the non-electrophoretic particle is in a range of 2 to 100,
• wherein the first particle is made of surface-modified titanium dioxide, a surface of the titanium dioxide having been modified with a silane coupling agent having a methoxy group and additionally having been polymerized with a monomer having a lauryl group,
• wherein the second particle is made of at least one of (a) surface-modified carbon black, a surface of the carbon black having been modified with a diazo coupling agent having a vinyl group and additionally having been polymerized with a monomer having a 2-ethylhexyl group, and (b) surface-modified titanium black, a surface of the titanium black having been modified with a silane coupling agent having a methoxy group and additionally having been polymerized with monomers having a lauryl group,
• wherein the non-electrophoretic particle is made of at least one of polyvinylnaphthalene, polyvinylcarbazole and surface-modified titanium dioxide, the titanium dioxide having been coated with polyvinylnaphthalene, and
• wherein the dispersion medium includes a nonpolar solvent and a dye.