Systems, devices, and methods for analog processing

A system operable to solve Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization problems, the system comprising:

• a plurality of physical qubits, each of the physical qubits having a respective bias operable to supply the physical qubit with inputs to solve a Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization problem;
• and
• a plurality of physical qubit couplers, each of the physical qubit couplers selectively operable to couple a respective pair of the physical qubits, wherein
• a first number of the physical qubit couplers are operated as intra-logical qubit couplers where each of the first number of the physical qubit couplers have a respective coupling strength that ferromagnetically couples a respective pair of the physical qubits as a logical qubit, where each logical qubit represents a variable from the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization problem;
• and
• a second number of the physical qubit couplers are operated as inter-logical qubit couplers, wherein each of the second number of the physical qubit couplers have a respective coupling strength that controllably couples a respective pair of the physical qubits, where each of the physical qubits in the pair is part of different ones of the logical qubits and wherein at least two variables from the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization problem are assigned to two respective logical qubits.