Functional device

A functional device, comprising:

• a plurality of substrates;
• an electrode arranged on a first substrate of the plurality of substrates and a counter electrode arranged opposite to the electrode on a second substrate of the plurality of substrates;
• and
• at least one enclosure structure arranged between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the at least one enclosure structure has a rectangular frame shape, wherein:
• the at least one enclosure structure comprises at least three layers including a first encapsulant, a spacer, and a second encapsulant arranged vertically in this order,
• in a first cross-section of the functional device, each of the first substrate of the plurality of substrates and the second substrate of the plurality of substrates directly bonds with at-least two first separate portions of the at least one enclosure structure,
• in a second cross-section of the functional device that is perpendicular to the first cross-section, each of the first substrate and the second substrate is separated from the at least one enclosure structure at two second separate portions of the at least one enclosure structure by at least one layer different from the at least one enclosure structure,
• the spacer has a thickness that is equal to or less than a total thickness of the electrode and the counter electrode,
• the functional device comprises a functional material arranged between the plurality of substrates and encapsulated with the at least one enclosure structure, wherein the functional material comprises a liquid composition, and
• the spacer is inert to a solvent constituting the liquid composition and acts as a barrier to the solvent.