Highly ordered structure pyrolitic graphite or carbon-carbon composite cathodes for plasma generation in carbon containing gases

A plasma torch, comprising:

• a) a carbon-based cathode electrode having a chamber and a substantially planar outer electrode surface, said chamber having an interior surface spaced from said planar outer electrode surface, and a region of said carbon-based cathode electrode between said planar outer electrode surface and said interior surface, said carbon-based cathode electrode exhibiting anisotropic thermal properties such that said region has a thermal conductivity between said interior surface and said planar outer electrode surface, in a direction generally perpendicular to said planar outer electrode surface, that is greater than in any other direction in said region for dissipation of heat at said planar outer electrode surface;
• b) an anode including an interior chamber in communication with an exit channel;
• c) an outer mounting tube having a first end portion to which carbon-based cathode electrode is attached, said outer mounting tube being inserted into said interior chamber of said anode with said planar outer electrode surface 18 being spaced from and symmetrically aligned with said exit passageway;
• d) an inner tube inserted into said chamber of the carbon-based cathode electrode with one open end of the inner tube being adjacent to a space from the interior surface and having a diameter smaller than diameter of the chamber so that an annular passageway is formed between an interior side wall of the chamber and an outer surface of the inner tube, a second open end of the inner tube being a fluid inlet for cooling fluid to flow down through the inner tube to contact interior surface after which the fluid flows back through the annular passageway and out of the plasma torch, said anode including ports for introducing a plasma gas mixture comprised of one or more carbon containing gases into said interior chamber;
• and
• e) wherein in operation the plasma gas mixture is flowed into said interior chamber through said ports and a plasma arc is formed in said interior chamber and discharged through said exit passageway while an equilibrium between evaporation of said carbon-based cathode electrode and precipitation of carbon ions from the plasma gas mixture compensates erosion of said carbon-based cathode electrode.