Protected active metal electrode and battery cell structures with non-aqueous interlayer architecture

A battery cell, comprising:

• an active metal anode;
• a cathode structure;
• and
• an ionically conductive protective architecture on a first surface of the anode, the architecture comprising,
• an active metal ion conducting separator layer comprising a non-aqueous anolyte, the anolyte comprising a monomer for a polymer that is insoluble or minimally soluble in water and the catholyte comprises a polymerization initiator for the monomer, and the separator layer being chemically compatible with the active metal, and in contact with the anode, and
• a substantially impervious ionically conductive layer chemically compatible with the separator layer and the cathode structure, and in contact with the cathode structure.

A battery cell, comprising:

• a lithium metal anode;
• a cathode structure comprising sea water and a nickel current collector;
• and
• an ionically conductive protective architecture on a first surface of the anode, the architecture comprising,
• an active metal ion conducting separator layer comprising a non-aqueous anolyte, the separator layer being chemically compatible with the active metal, and in contact with the anode, and
• a substantially impervious ionically conductive layer chemically compatible with the separator layer and the cathode structure, and in contact with the cathode structure, wherein the substantially impervious ionically conductive layer is an ion conductive glass-ceramic having the following composition:
• Composition
• mol %
• P2O5
• 26-55%
• SiO2
• 0-15%
• GeO2 + TiO2
• 25-50%
• in which
• GeO2
• 0-50%
• TiO2
• 0-50%
• ZrO2
• 0-10%
• M2O3
• 0 < 10%
• Al2O3
• 0-15%
• Ga2O3
• 0-15%
• Li2O
• 3-25%
• and containing a predominant crystalline phase composed of Li1+x(M,Al,Ga)x(Ge1−yTiy)2−x(PO4)3 where X≦0.8 and 0≦Y≦1.0, and where M is an element selected from the group consisting of Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb and/or and Li1+x+yQxTi2−xSiyP3−yO12 where 0<X≦0.4 and 0<Y≦0.6, and where Q is Al or Ga.