Substrate coating techniques, including fabricating materials on a surface of a substrate

A method of forming a layered coating on a substrate, comprising:

• directing energy at a surface of a substrate, and with the energy:
• mobilizing one or more constituent elements in a sub-surface zone of the substrate;
• moving the one or more constituent elements towards the surface of the substrate;
• vaporizing selected amounts of the one or more constituent elements in a controlled manner;
• reacting the vaporized one or more constituent elements;
• and
• forming, from the vaporized and reacted one or more constituent elements, a material in the sub-surface zone of the substrate;
• and
• further comprising:
• fabricating a first coating on the surface of the substrate;
• and
• fabricating a second coating on a surface of the first coating.

A method of forming a diamond coating on steel and steel alloys, comprising:

• directing energy at a surface of a steel substrate, and with the energy:
• mobilizing a carbon constituent element in a subsurface zone of the substrate;
• moving the carbon constituent element towards the surface of the substrate;
• vaporizing selected amounts of the carbon constituent element in a controlled manner;
• reacting the vaporized carbon constituent element;
• and
• fabricating a diamond coating from the vaporized carbon constituent element on the surface of the substrate

A method of forming a diamond coating on a ceramic substrate, comprising:

• directing energy at a surface of a ceramic substrate, and with the energy:
• mobilizing a carbon constituent element in a sub-surface zone of the substrate;
• moving the carbon constituent element towards the surface of the substrate;
• vaporizing selected amounts of the carbon constituent element in a controlled manner;
• reacting the vaporized carbon constituent element;
• and
• fabricating a diamond coating from the vaporized carbon constituent element on the surface of the substrate.

A method of forming a diamond coating on a polymeric substrate, comprising:

• directing energy at a surface of a polymeric substrate, and with the energy:
• mobilizing a carbon constituent element in a sub-surface zone of the substrate;
• moving the carbon constituent element towards the surface of the substrate;
• vaporizing selected amounts of the carbon constituent element in a controlled manner;
• reacting the vaporized carbon constituent element;
• and
• fabricating a diamond coating from the vaporized carbon constituent element on the surface of the substrate.

A method of applying, sculpting and texturing a coating on a substrate, without masking, comprising:

• directing energy at a surface of a substrate, and with the energy:
• mobilizing one or more constituent elements in a sub-surface zone of the substrate;
• moving the one or more constituent elements towards the surface of the substrate;
• vaporizing selected amounts of the one or more constituent elements in a controlled manner;
• reacting the vaporized one or more constituent elements;
• and
• forming, from the vaporized and reacted one or more constituent elements, a material in the sub-surface zone of the substrate;
• and
• further comprising:
• fabricating, applying, sculpting and texturing, with the energy, a coating on the surface of the substrate.

A method of forming a heteroepitaxial coating on a surface of a substrate, comprising:

• directing energy at a surface of a substrate, and with the energy:
• mobilizing one or more constituent elements in a sub-surface zone of the substrate;
• moving the one or more constituent elements towards the surface of the substrate;
• vaporizing selected amounts of the one or more constituent elements in a controlled manner;
• reacting the vaporized one or more constituent elements;
• and
• forming, from the vaporized and reacted one or more constituent elements, a material in the sub-surface zone of the substrate;
• and
• further comprising:
• fabricating a heteroepitaxial coating on the surface of the substrate.

A method of coating more than one surface of a substrate, comprising:

• directing energy at a first surface of a substrate, and with the energy:
• mobilizing one or more constituent elements in a first sub-surface zone of the substrate;
• moving the one or more constituent elements towards the first surface of the substrate;
• vaporizing selected amounts of the one or more constituent elements in a controlled manner;
• reacting the vaporized one or more constituent elements;
• and
• forming, from the vaporized and reacted one more constituent elements, a material in the first sub-surface zone of the substrate;
• and
• further comprising:
• repeating these steps with respect to a second surface and second sub-surface zone of the substrate.