Solar cell and tandem solar cell

A tandem solar cell, comprising:

• a bottom cell, which comprises a solar cell comprising:
• a substrate having a first surface, wherein the first surface comprises a first portion provided with a first texture structure and a second portion provided with a second texture structure, the first texture structure comprises a first recess structure, and the second texture structure comprises a second recess structure, and a top surface of the first portion protrudes relative to a top surface of the second portion in a thickness direction of the substrate;
• a tunnel dielectric layer provided at the first portion of the first surface of the substrate;
• a doped conductive layer provided over the tunnel dielectric layer;
• a first passivation layer provided at a side of the doped conductive layer and at the second portion of the first surface, wherein the first passivation layer comprises a first passivation sub-layer provided with an aluminum oxide layer;
• and
• a first electrode provided over the first passivation layer and electrically connected to the doped conductive layer;
• a top cell comprising one of a perovskite solar cell, a donor-acceptor cell, a cadmium telluride solar cell, a copper indium gallium selenide solar cell, or a gallium arsenide solar cell;
• and
• an intermediate connection layer connected between the bottom cell and the top cell.

A photovoltaic module, comprising:

• a solar cell string comprising a plurality of solar cells that are connected, each of the plurality of solar cells comprises:
• a substrate having a first surface, wherein the first surface comprises a first portion provided with a first texture structure and a second portion provided with a second texture structure, the first texture structure comprises a first recess structure, the second texture structure comprises a second recess structure, and a top surface of the first portion protrudes relative to a top surface of the second portion in a thickness direction of the substrate;
• a tunnel dielectric layer provided at the first portion of the first surface of the substrate;
• a doped conductive layer provided over the tunnel dielectric layer;
• a first passivation layer provided at a side of the doped conductive layer and at the second portion of the first surface, wherein the first passivation layer comprises a first passivation sub-layer provided with an aluminum oxide layer;
• and
• a first electrode provided over the first passivation layer and electrically connected to the doped conductive layer;
• an encapsulation layer configured to cover a surface of the solar cell string;
• and
• a cover plate configured to cover a surface of the encapsulation layer away from the solar cell string.