Multisource hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles

An electric vehicle, comprising:

• a motor;
• and
• a multisource hybrid energy storage system for powering the motor, wherein
• the multisource hybrid energy storage system includes a plurality of energy sources, a plurality of DC-DC converters, a DC bus, a DC-AC inverter, and a sliding mode controller,
• the plurality of energy sources include a fuel cell, a battery, a supercapacitor, and a photovoltaic panel,
• the plurality of DC-DC converters include a first DC-DC converter, a second DC-DC converter, a third DC-DC converter, and a fourth DC-DC converter,
• an input of the first DC-DC converter is coupled to the fuel cell, and an output of the first DC-DC converter is coupled to the DC bus,
• an input of the second DC-DC converter is coupled to the battery, and an output of the second DC-DC converter is coupled to the DC bus,
• an input of the third DC-DC converter is coupled to the supercapacitor, and an output of the third DC-DC converter is coupled to the DC bus,
• an input of the fourth DC-DC converter is coupled to the photovoltaic panel, and an output of the fourth DC-DC converter is coupled to the DC bus,
• the DC-AC inverter inverts DC electric power from the DC bus into AC electric power, and supplies the AC electric power to the motor,
• the controller is a sliding mode controller configured to apply a barrier-function-based controller gain to regulate a DC voltage at the DC bus to a reference voltage.