Electrochemical cells with ionic sequestration provided by porous separators

An electrochemical cell comprising:

• a positive electrode;
• a negative electrode;
• a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the separator provides electronic isolation between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the separator comprises a first membrane layer;
• and
• an electrolyte comprising a first species and a second species, wherein at least a portion of the electrolyte is disposed within the separator,
• wherein the separator, with at least the portion of the electrolyte is disposed within the separator, is permeable to the first species providing ionic communication between the positive electrode and the negative electrode,
• wherein the separator, with at least the portion of the electrolyte is disposed within the separator, is substantially impermeable to the second species comprising the element of the electrochemical active material of the positive electrode,
• wherein the first species is selected from group consisting of H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, F−, Cl−, Br−, I−, BF4−, PF6−, AsF6−, ClO4−, methanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, cyclo-difluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, cyclo-hexafluoropropane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide), bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, bis(oxalate)borate, difluoro(oxalate)borate, bis(fluoromalonato)borate, tetracyanoborate, dicyanotriazolate, dicyano-trifuloromethyl-imidazolate, dicyano-pentafuoroethyl-imidazoleate, and ion pairs thereof,
• wherein the second species comprises at least one of an atom, an ion, an ion pair, and a molecule comprising Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, B, C, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, Ga, Ge, As, Se, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Ti, Pb, Bi, Po, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Ac, Th, Pa, U, methanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, cyclo-difluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, cyclo-hexafluoropropane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide), bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, bis(oxalate)borate, difluoro(oxalate)borate, bis(fluoromalonato)borate, tetracyanoborate, dicyanotriazolate, dicyano-trifuloromethyl-imidazolate, dicyano-pentafuoroethyl-imidazoleate, acetylacetonate, acetylacetone, a β-ketoester of the formula RC═OCH2COOR′, where R and R′ are each independently C1-6 alkyl, C6-12 aryl, or C1-6 alkoxy-C1-6 alkyl, and ion pairs thereof,
• wherein the first membrane layer comprises a polymer of intrinsic microporosity.