Compositions and methods for improving metabolic health

2:

• The method of claim 1, wherein the milk-based composition comprises:
• milk protein;
• and
• a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide, the mixture preferably at 32-55% by dry weight of the composition.

3:

• The method of claim 1, wherein the improving of metabolic health comprises at least one result selected from the group consisting of:
• (a) appetite or food intake control or regulation;
• (b) managing glucose levels;
• (c) weight management;
• (d) normalizing blood lipid profiles;
• (e) skin health;
• (f) reducing inflammation;
• (g) preventing and/or attenuating oxidative stress;
• (h) improved lipid/fat metabolism;
• (i) improving intestinal barrier;
• (j) reducing intestinal permeability;
• (k) modulation of glucose metabolism;
• (l) protection from fatty liver;
• (m) promoting growth of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, (n) protecting kidneys, particularly in chronic kidney disease;
• (o) promoting growth of Bifidobacterium;
• (p) increasing Bifidobacterium shunt pathway;
• (q) increasing NAD salvage pathway (r) preservation of β-cell function;
• (s) preventing diabetes, (t) improving insulin sensitivity;
• (u) preventing and/or treating obesity;
• (x) regulating blood pressure;
• (y) maintain insulin response;
• and (z) combinations thereof.

6:

• A method for one or more of preventing oxidative stress, preventing and/or treating type II diabetes, reducing inflammation, improving the intestinal barrier, reducing intestinal permeability, modulating glucose metabolism, and/or protecting against fatty liver, the method comprising administering to an individual in need thereof or at risk thereof a composition comprising:
• milk protein;
• and
• a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide.

9:

• A method for preventing and/or treating kidney disease, the method comprising administering to an individual in need thereof or at risk thereof a composition comprising:
• milk protein;
• and
• a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide.

12:

• A method for one or more of treating or preventing pellagra, acne, or skin cancer, improving skin health, and/or improving the level of blood lipids, the method comprising administering to an individual in need thereof or at risk thereof a composition comprising:
• milk protein;
• and
• a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide.

15:

• A method for one or more of preventing and/or treating obesity, improving appetite control, improving food intake control, and/or managing weight, the method comprising administering to an individual in need thereof or at risk thereof a composition comprising:
• milk protein;
• and
• a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide.

18:

• A method for one or more of preventing and/or treating obesity, improving appetite control, improving food intake control, and/or managing weight, the method comprising administering to an individual in need thereof or at risk thereof a composition comprising:
• milk protein;
• and
• a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide.

21:

• A method for one or more of reducing and/or preventing oxidative stress and/or treating and/or preventing age-associated diseases, the method comprising administering to an individual in need thereof or at risk thereof a composition comprising:
• milk protein;
• and
• a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide.

24:

• A method for improving lipid metabolism, the method comprising administering to an individual in need thereof or at risk thereof a composition comprising:
• milk protein;
• and
• a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide.