Haptic devices

An annular transducer array comprising:

• annular sidewalls having concentric rings centered on a point;
• a bottom electrode attached to the annular sidewalls;
• a plurality of patterned electrodes arranged in concentric rings,
• a piezoelectric membrane between the bottom electrode and the plurality of patterned electrodes,
• wherein the piezoelectric membrane is operable to resonate between respective concentric rings in cooperation with a drive signal respectively applied to each patterned electrode.

A haptic device, comprising:

• a substrate;
• sidewalls extending from the substrate and defining a cavity;
• a membrane coupled to the sidewall and positioned over the cavity;
• and
• electrodes operable to apply a voltage across the membrane;
• wherein the membrane is operable to be vibrated due to the voltage and to generate mechanical energy towards a focal point in space.