Out-of-core rendering

A system comprising:

• one or more computers;
• and
• one or more storage devices communicatively coupled to the one or more computers, wherein the one or more storage devices store instructions that, when executed by the one or more computers, cause the one or more computers to perform operations comprising:
• maintaining, by a computer having a display device and a local memory, a data structure in the local memory, the data structure storing nodes in a bounding volume hierarchy, the nodes corresponding to a plurality of objects in a three-dimensional, 3D, model of an environment;
• receiving, by the computer, a request to render a current frame for display on the display device;
• sequentially determining, by the computer, nodes of a first set of current nodes that are associated with the current frame and that are already included in the data structure, wherein the first set of current nodes comprises a first node and a second node that is determined after the first node;
• in response to the determining, updating the data structure such that i) the first node is placed at an insertion position of the data structure and ii) after the first node is placed at the beginning position, the second node that is determined after the first node is placed at a position of the data structure that immediately follows the insertion position;
• and
• rendering, by the computer, the current frame for display on the display device based on the updated data structure.

One or more non-transitory computer storage media storing instructions that when executed by one or more computers cause the one or more computers to perform operations comprising:

• maintaining, by a computer having a display device and a local memory, a data structure in the local memory, the data structure storing nodes in a bounding volume hierarchy, the nodes corresponding to a plurality of objects in a three-dimensional, 3D, model of an environment;
• receiving, by the computer, a request to render a current frame for display on the display device;
• sequentially determining, by the computer, nodes of a first set of current nodes that are associated with the current frame and that are already included in the data structure, wherein the first set of current nodes comprises a first node and a second node that is determined after the first node;
• in response to the determining, updating the data structure such that i) the first node is placed at an insertion position of the data structure and ii) after the first node is placed at the beginning position, the second node that is determined after the first node is placed at a position of the data structure that immediately follows the insertion position;
• and
• rendering, by the computer, the current frame for display on the display device based on the updated data structure.