A method for optically characterizing a transparent or semitransparent object, in which object dimensions (W, ID, AD), object distances and/or object positions are determined on the basis of optical coherence tomography, wherein, as a light source, a swept-source laser source having a coherence length in the decimeter range to meter range is used, and in order to determine absolute distances, dimensions and/or positions, a reference substrate is used in the beam path of the light source, the reference substrate comprising a partially reflecting optical unit which is stationary in the beam path.