Solar cell, tandem solar cell, and photovoltaic module

A tandem solar cell, comprising:

• a bottom cell, wherein the bottom cell includes:
• a substrate having a first surface, wherein the first surface includes first regions and second regions that are alternatingly arranged along a first direction, the first regions including two adjacent first regions, and the second regions including a respective second region between the two adjacent first regions;
• a doped conductive layer formed over the first surface of the substrate, the doped conductive layer including first conductive portions and at least one second conductive portion, the first conductive portions including two adjacent first conductive portions formed over the two adjacent first regions respectively, the at least one second conductive portion including a respective second conductive portion between the two adjacent first conductive portions and formed over a part of the respective second region;
• and
• a dielectric layer between the first surface and the doped conductive layer;
• wherein the first surface has a first surface structure in the first regions and a second surface structure in the second regions, the first surface structure including a plurality of first pyramid structures, and the second surface structure including a plurality of platform structures;
• and
• a top cell, located on a side of the doped conductive layer in the bottom cell away from the substrate.