Methods and apparatus for denial of service (dos) attack remediation in non-terrestrial networks (ntn)

A wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU), the WTRU provisioned with a shared secret key, the WTRU comprising:

• at least one transceiver and at least one processor, wherein:
• the at least one transceiver and at least one processor are configured to receive, from a network, broadcasted one or more parameters of a puzzle;
• the at least one transceiver and at least one processor are configured to generate evidence based on solving the puzzle and injecting the shared secret key into the evidence while solving the puzzle;
• the at least one transceiver and at least one processor are configured to send, to the network, a registration request, wherein the registration request includes the generated evidence and a WTRU identity;
• and
• the at least one transceiver and at least one processor are configured to receive, from the network, a registration accept responsive to the registration request.