Fabrication layout retargeting

A system comprising:

• at least one processor;
• and
• a non-transitory storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations comprising:
• obtaining layout data representing a candidate device fabrication pattern;
• generating an embedding of the layout data;
• providing the embedding of the layout data as input to a deep learning model;
• obtaining, as an output of the deep learning model, a predicted fabricated structure formed using the candidate device fabrication pattern;
• and
• adjusting the layout data by backpropagation based on a gradient of a loss function representing a difference between the predicted fabricated structure and a target structure.