Substrates, peptide arrays, and methods

The array of claim 1, wherein the surface comprises the substrate of any one of claims 207 to 240.

An array of features attached to a surface at positionally-defined locations, said features each comprising:

• a collection of peptide chains of determinable sequence and intended length, wherein within an individual feature, the fraction of peptide chains within said collection having the intended length is characterized by an average coupling efficiency for each coupling step of at least 98%.

A method of producing an array of features, comprising:

• obtaining a surface;
• and
• attaching the features to the surface, said features each comprising a collection of peptide chains of determinable sequence and intended length, wherein within an individual feature, the fraction of peptide chains within said collection having the intended length is characterized by an average coupling efficiency for each coupling step of at least 98%.

A photoactive formulation, comprising:

• a water soluble photosensitizer, a water soluble photo active compound, a water soluble polymer, and a solvent.

A linker formulation, comprising:

• a solvent, a water soluble polymer, a water soluble linker molecule, and a water soluble coupling reagent.

A coupling formulation, comprising:

• a solvent, a water soluble polymer, a water soluble coupling molecule, a water soluble neutralization reagent, and a water soluble coupling reagent.

A substrate, comprising:

• a planar layer comprising a metal and having an upper surface and a lower surface;
• and
• a plurality of pillars operatively coupled to the layer in positionally-defined locations, wherein each pillar has a planar surface extended from the layer, wherein the distance between the surface of each pillar and the upper surface of the layer is between 1,000-5,000 angstroms, and wherein the plurality of pillars are present at a density of greater than 10,000/cm2.

A method of preparing a surface for attachment of features, comprising:

• obtaining a surface and attaching a linker molecule to the surface using a linker formulation, comprising a solvent, a water soluble polymer, a water soluble linker molecule, and a water soluble coupling reagent.

A method of attaching a coupling reagent to a surface, comprising:

• obtaining a surface having a linker molecule attached to the surface and attaching the coupling reagent to the linker molecule using a coupling formulation, comprising a solvent, a water soluble polymer, a water soluble coupling molecule, a water soluble neutralization reagent, and a water soluble coupling reagent.

A method of preparing a surface for attachment of a coupling reagent, comprising:

• obtaining a surface having a linker molecule attached to the surface and contacted with a photoactive formulation comprising a water soluble photosensitizer, a water soluble photo active compound, a water soluble polymer, and a solvent;
• and applying ultraviolet light to the surface.

A method of producing a substrate comprising coupling a planar layer to a plurality of pillars, wherein the planar layer comprises a metal and has an upper surface and a lower surface, wherein the plurality of pillars are coupled to the layer in positionally-defined locations, wherein each pillar has a planar surface extended from the layer, wherein the distance between the surface of each pillar and the upper surface of the layer is between 1,000-5,000 angstroms, wherein the surface of each pillar is parallel to the upper surface of the layer, and wherein the plurality of pillars are present at a density of greater than 10,000/cm2.

A method of preparing a surface comprising:

• obtaining a surface comprising silicon dioxide and contacted with a photoactive formulation comprising a water soluble photosensitizer, a water soluble photo active compound, a water soluble polymer, and a solvent;
• and
• applying ultraviolet light to positionally defined locations located on the top of the surface and in contact with the photoactive formulation, wherein the surface area of each positionally defined location on the surface has a total area of less than 10,000/μm2.

A peptide array, comprising:

• a plurality of peptides coupled to a support;
• wherein said plurality of peptides comprises overlapping subsequences of a source protein of known sequence.

A peptide array, comprising:

• a plurality of peptides coupled to a support;
• wherein said plurality of peptides comprises a peptide sequence comprising an epitope recognized by an antibody from a subject diagnosed with celiac disease.

A peptide array for diagnosing celiac disease in a suspect suspected of having celiac disease, comprising:

• a. a set of peptides comprising a set of epitope sequences that bind to an antibody associated with celiac disease;
• and
• b. a set of peptide sequences comprising an epitope sequence that binds to an inflammatory response molecule associated with celiac disease.

A substrate, comprising:

• a first layer, wherein said layer comprises a plurality of unprotected carboxylic acid side groups.