Transverse flux machine with reduced torque ripple

A steer-by-wire system for a vehicle, comprising:

• a handwheel actuator coupled to apply a torque to a steering wheel;
• the handwheel actuator including a transverse flux machine (TFM), including:
• a rotor configured to rotate about an axis and having a plurality of permanent magnets arranged to generate a magnetic flux in a circumferential direction;
• and
• a stator including a plurality of stators cores stacked axially and each being configured to direct the magnetic flux in each of a radial direction and an axial direction, and each of the stator cores holding at least one winding,
• wherein each of the stator cores has one of:
• a gear shape including a first plurality of protrusions each extending in a radial direction toward the rotor, and a second plurality of protrusions each extending in a radial direction toward the rotor, with the second plurality of protrusions being axially spaced apart from the first plurality of protrusions with the at least one winding substantially entirely located axially between the first plurality of protrusions and the second plurality of protrusions, and
• a claw-pole shape including a first plurality of teeth each extending in a radial direction toward the rotor and wrapping over the at least winding in a first axial direction, and a second plurality of teeth each extending in a radial direction toward the rotor and wrapping over the at least winding in a second axial direction opposite the first axial direction,
• wherein the rotor has a first axial length that is longer than a total axial length of the stator in case the stator cores have the gear shape, or the rotor has a second axial length that is shorter than the total axial length of the stator in case the stator cores have the claw-pole shape.