Methods for Error Cause Determination for Two-Sided Models Independently Trained by Different Vendors

A method performed by a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU), the method comprising:

• receiving configuration information for a machine learning (ML) model;
• receiving a request for activating an assessment mode associated with the ML model;
• collecting measurements for the assessment mode;
• determining an error cause associated with the ML model based on the measurements, wherein the determined error cause includes an indication of at least one of:
• data distribution measurements being out-of-distribution (OOD) with respect to a dataset used to train the ML model, or an identity of a device at which the error cause occurred when implementing the ML model;
• and
• sending one or more reports that include at least one of:
• an indication of the error cause, an indication of a measurement related to the error cause, or an indication of a mitigation action for the error cause.