Lab bench array, system and methodology for plant cells

A structure for sensing material movement, comprising:

• a set of first conductive electrodes in a top substrate;
• a set of second conductive electrodes in a bottom substrate positioned adjacent to and spaced apart from the set of first conductive electrodes in a top substrate;
• a microfluidic chamber defined within a space between the top substrate and the bottom substrate;
• a first set of through vias in the top substrate connecting the set of first conductive electrodes to a set of first signal lines on a top side of the top substrate;
• a second set of through vias in the bottom substrate connecting the set of second conductive electrodes to a set of second signal lines on a bottom side of the bottom substrate;
• a heating element disposed along at least a portion of a bottom surface of the top substrate and at least a portion of a top surface of the bottom substrate;
• and
• an illumination device operable to deliver a user-selectable wavelength of light into the microfluidic chamber.