Single-Drive Differential Electrooptical Modulators

An electro-optical modulator system comprising:

• a ferroelectric material having one or more crystal orientation axes;
• and
• a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) modulator comprising an MZI input, an MZI output, a first arm and a second arm, wherein the first arm and the second arm are in optical communication with the MZI input and the MZI output,
• the ferroelectric material defining or in communication with a portion of the first arm and the second arm, wherein the first arm has a first phase parameter and the second arm has a second phase parameter, wherein the first arm has a first domain orientation and the second arm has a second domain orientation, wherein the second domain orientation is substantially opposite the first domain orientation, wherein the portion of the first arm comprises a portion of one or more loading layers, wherein the portion of the second arm comprises a portion of one or more loading layers.