Single Waveform, Continuous Squarewave Voltammetry for Optimal Calibration Free Sensing

The method of 11 where the calibration provides a concentration value, the concentration value calculated according to:

• [
• T
• ]
• =
• K
• D
• ⁢
• i
• -
• α
• ⁢
• i
• NR
• γα
• ⁢
• i
• NR
• -
• i
• =
• K
• D
• ⁢
• i
• i
• NR
• -
• α
• γα
• -
• i
• i
• NR
• wherein [T] is the concentration of the target, KD is the target's dissociation constant, i is a constant comprising the peak current, α is a constant comprising the ratio of output signal at the minimally frequency and target-free output signal, iNR is output current, and γ is a constant comprising the ratio of target-saturated output signal to target-free output signal.

A method for identifying a concentration of an analyte, the method comprising:

• a. exposing an electrochemical sensor having a diagnostic electrode to the analyte;
• b. scanning the diagnostic electrode using scanning voltammetry;
• wherein the scanning voltammetry comprises a square wave voltametric waveform at a first frequency while continuously interrogating current as a function of time;
• c. generating a set of readings from the scanning voltammetry;
• and
• d. identifying one or more changes in concentration of the analyte using the set of readings.