Lithium-ion batteries

A lithium-ion battery, comprising:

• a separator, a cathode electrode, an anode electrode, and an electrolyte;
• wherein a coating of the cathode electrode comprises a cathode material;
• the cathode material comprises a cathode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder;
• the cathode active material comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) and lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4);
• the coating of the cathode electrode further comprises an anode SEI layer-forming additive;
• and/or, the electrolyte comprises an anode SEI layer-forming additive;
• the anode SEI layer-forming additive comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur and a metal sulfide;
• and
• the electrolyte comprises a SEI layer-forming solvent, and the SEI layer-forming solvent has a structural formula as follows:
• each of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, or hydrocarbyl;
• or
• the SEI layer-forming solvent has a structural formula as follows:
• each of R5, and R6 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, or hydrocarbyl.