A negative electrode active material, comprising a carbon matrix and a filling material, wherein the carbon matrix has a graphitization degree of less than or equal to 87%, optionally from 65% to 87%, and the carbon matrix comprises a plurality of pore structures, and at least a portion of the filling material is located in the pore structures of the carbon matrix, and the filling material comprises one or more of elements capable of alloying reaction with Li, and optionally the one or more of elements capable of alloying reaction with Li comprises one or more of silicon element, tin element, and germanium element.