A biological analysis apparatus, comprising:
- a flow arrangement comprising a channel, the channel being configured to constrain a fluent material comprising biological particles to a predetermined direction of flow;
- a biological sensing apparatus, comprising an integrated circuit having one or more sensing and stimulation cells, wherein the integrated circuit is disposed relative to the channel, wherein each of the one or more sensing and stimulation cells comprises an electric field applying apparatus and an electric field sensing apparatus, wherein the electric field applying apparatus comprises an electric field source circuit and one or more electric field applying electrodes, the electric field source circuit comprising a pseudo-random noise signal generator and the electric field source circuit being configured to transmit to the one or more electric field applying electrodes a pseudo-random noise signal, the one or more electric field applying electrodes being electrically coupled to the electric field source circuit, the one or more electric field applying electrodes being disposed on a first side of the channel, wherein the electric field sensing apparatus comprises a sensing circuit and one or more of sensing electrodes, the one or more of sensing electrodes being disposed on the first side of the channel, the sensing circuit being electrically coupled to the one or more sensing electrodes, the one or more sensing electrodes being disposed on the first side of the channel, wherein in each of the one or more sensing and stimulation cells the one or more electric field applying electrodes has a first electrode and the one or more sensing electrodes has a second electrode, the first and second electrodes being structurally separate electrodes, and in each of the one or more sensing and stimulation cells the one or more electric field applying electrodes and the one or more sensing electrodes are arranged in a planar two-dimensional array of electrodes that extends in the direction of flow and perpendicular to the direction of flow;
- a flow inducing apparatus causing the fluent material to flow through the channel;
- and
- a control apparatus electrically coupled to the flow inducing apparatus, and to the electric field source circuit and the sensing circuit of each of the one or more sensing and stimulation cells.