Toner

A toner comprising a toner particle,

• the toner particle comprising:
• a toner base particle that comprises a binder resin and a colorant;
• and
• a silicon-titanium polymer composite existing at a surface of the toner base particle,
• the silicon-titanium polymer composite comprising a silicon polymer segment and a titanium chelate segment,
• the silicon-titanium polymer composite having a peak within a range of 900 cm−1 to 1000 cm−1 attributed to Ti—O—Si stretching vibration in a spectrum obtained by infrared spectroscopy,
• when a proportion of the number of the titanium atom in a sum of the numbers of a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a silicon atom, a phosphorous atom, and the titanium atom obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on the toner is defined as Ti-E, and a proportion of the number of the silicon atom in a sum of the numbers of a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a silicon atom, a phosphorous atom, and the titanium atom obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on the toner is defined as Si-E,
• the Ti-E and the Si-E satisfying Formulae (1) and (2) below:
• 1
• .
• 0
• ×
• 1
• ⁢
• 0
• -
• 3
• ≤
• Ti
• -
• E
• ≤
• 2
• .
• 5
• ×
• 1
• ⁢
• 0
• -
• 2
• (
• 1
• )
• 1.
• ×
• 1
• ⁢
• 0
• -
• 2
• ≤
• Ti
• -
• E
• /
• Si
• -
• E
• ≤
• 7
• .
• 0
• ×
• 1
• ⁢
• 0
• -
• 2
• .
• (
• 2
• )