Anti-ambipolar bilayer organic electrochemical transistors

An organic electrochemical transistor comprising:

• a source;
• a drain;
• a channel comprising a bilayer film that forms a conducting channel between the source and the drain, the organic bilayer film comprising:
• a layer of an n-type organic mixed ionic and electronic conductor and a layer of a p-type organic mixed ionic and electronic conductor adjacent to the layer of the n-type organic mixed ionic and electronic conductor, wherein the layer of the n-type organic mixed ionic and electronic conductor and the layer of the p-type organic mixed ionic and electronic conductor form a p-n junction between the source and the drain;
• an organic electrolyte in contact with the semiconducting channel;
• and
• a gate in contact with the organic electrolyte, wherein the organic electrochemical transistor is characterized by a transfer curve that displays anti-ambipolar switching behavior.