Use of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Agonists to Treat Inflammation and Tissue Injury

A method for treating acute radiation syndrome in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising:

• administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of
• (i) a CD14+ cell that has been co-cultured with an extracellular vesicle isolated from a mesenchymal stromal cell previously exposed to a CRX molecule, generating CRX-EEM or CRX-EEMos;
• (ii) an extracellular vesicle isolated from a mesenchymal stromal cell previously exposed to a CRX molecule, generating CRX-EVs;
• or
• (iii) a CD14+ cell treated with a CRX molecule (CRX-EM or CRX-EMos),
• wherein the acute radiation syndrome is effectively treated in the subject.

A method for treating or preventing graft-versus-host-disease in a subject undergoing a transplant, the method comprising:

• administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount
• (i) a CD14+ cell that has been co-cultured with an extracellular vesicle isolated from a mesenchymal stromal cell previously exposed to a CRX molecule, generating CRX-EEM or CRX-EEMos;
• (ii) an extracellular vesicle isolated from a mesenchymal stromal cell previously exposed to a CRX molecule, generating CRX-EVs;
• or
• (iii) a CD14+ cell treated with a CRX molecule (CRX-EM or CRX-EMos), wherein the graft-versus-host-disease is suppressed in the subject.

A method for treating or preventing acute kidney injury in a subject, the method comprising:

• administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of
• (i) a CD14+ cell that has been co-cultured with an extracellular vesicle isolated from a mesenchymal stromal cell previously exposed to a CRX molecule, generating CRX-EEM or CRX-EEMos;
• (ii) an extracellular vesicle isolated from a mesenchymal stromal cell previously exposed to a CRX molecule, generating CRX-EVs;
• or
• (iii) a CD14+ cell treated with a CRX molecule (CRX-EM or CRX-EMos), wherein the acute kidney injury is effectively treated in the subject.