Methods, systems, and compositions for the liquid-phase deposition of thin films onto the surface of battery electrodes

A method for coating a thin film onto a surface of a lithium-ion battery electrode, comprising:

• (a) providing the lithium-ion battery electrode onto a conveyance apparatus that comprises a series of rollers;
• (b) transferring, by the conveyance apparatus, the lithium-ion battery electrode to a first reaction chamber comprising at least a first liquid solution comprising a first reagent;
• (c) exposing, by the conveyance apparatus, active material of the lithium-ion battery electrode to the first liquid solution to produce a partially coated lithium-ion battery electrode having a layer comprising an adsorbed first reagent on the surface of the active material of the lithium-ion battery electrode;
• (d) transferring, by the conveyance apparatus, the partially coated lithium-ion battery electrode to a second reaction chamber comprising a second liquid solution comprising at least a second reagent;
• and
• (e) exposing, by the conveyance apparatus, the partially coated lithium-ion battery electrode to the second liquid solution, wherein the at least second reagent reacts with the adsorbed first reagent bonded onto the surface of the active material of the partially coated lithium-ion battery electrode to produce a fully coated lithium-ion battery electrode having an artificial solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) comprising a monolayer of thin film coated onto the surface of the active material, the monolayer of thin film comprising a compound generated from the reaction of the second reagent and the adsorbed first reagent.