Driving voltages for advanced color electrophoretic displays and displays with improved driving voltages

A color electrophoretic display comprising:

• a controller;
• a light-transmissive electrode at a viewing surface;
• a backplane including an array of thin film transistors coupled to pixel electrodes, each thin film transistor comprising a layer of a metal oxide semiconductor;
• and
• a color electrophoretic medium disposed between the light-transmissive electrode and the backplane, the color electrophoretic medium comprising:
• (a) a fluid;
• (b) a plurality of first and a plurality of second particles dispersed in the fluid, the first and second particles bearing charges of opposite polarity, the first particle being a light-scattering particle and the second particle having one of the subtractive primary colors;
• and
• (c) a plurality of third and a plurality of fourth particles dispersed in the fluid, the third and fourth particles bearing charges of opposite polarity, the third and fourth particles each having a subtractive primary color different from each other and from the second particles,
• wherein the controller is configured to provide driving voltages at five or more different voltage levels including voltages greater than 25 Volts and less than −25 Volts to the pixel electrodes while holding the light-transmissive electrode at constant voltage to enable color optical state switching of pixels of the color electrophoretic medium among a plurality of primary colors.