A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions, which when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform learning of an interpolation model using a plurality of continuous frames, the plurality of continuous frames comprise a first frame, a second frame, and a first ground truth (GT) frame temporally arranged between the first frame and the second frame, the instructions including:
- generate a first interpolation frame between the first frame and the second frame using the interpolation model;
- extract a first temporal-spatial feature of a first frame group, including at least three frames including the first GT frame, using a neural network model for extracting a temporal-spatial feature between frames;
- extract a second temporal-spatial feature of a second frame group, including at least three frames including the first interpolation frame, using the neural network model;
- determine temporal-spatial loss information based on a difference between the first temporal-spatial feature and the second temporal-spatial feature;
- and
- train the interpolation model by using the temporal-spatial loss information.