Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

A process cartridge integrally supporting at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit and a developing unit, wherein the process cartridge is removably mountable on an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein

• the process cartridge comprises an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
• the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a support and a photosensitive layer on the support,
• a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a particle,
• the surface layer has a particle partially exposed from the surface layer among the particle contained in the surface layer,
• the particle has a volume average particle diameter of 50.0 nm or more and 350.0 nm or less;
• in a cross-section of the surface layer, the number of the particle partially exposed from the surface layer is 80% by number or more based on a total number of the particle contained in the surface layer;
• and
• a total volume of an exposed portion of the particle partially exposed from the surface layer is 30% by volume or more and 80% by volume or less based on an entire volume of the particle contained in the surface layer.

An electrophotographic apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging unit, a developing unit, and a transfer unit, wherein

• the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a support and a photosensitive layer on the support,
• a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a particle,
• the surface layer has a particle partially exposed from the surface layer among the particle contained in the surface layer,
• the particle has a volume average particle diameter of 50.0 nm or more and 350.0 nm or less;
• in a cross-section of the surface layer, the number of the particle partially exposed from the surface layer is 80% by number or more based on a total number of the particle contained in the surface layer;
• and
• a total volume of an exposed portion of the particle partially exposed from the surface layer is 30% by volume or more and 80% by volume or less based on an entire volume of the particle contained in the surface layer