Compositions and methods for treating metabolic diseases

A method of treating or preventing a metabolic disease, a cardiovascular disease, a heart diseases, or a kidney impairment in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a polypeptide or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the polypeptide to produce a serum concentration of the administered polypeptide at a concentration above a concentration threshold of 93 nmol/L, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence derived from Hepatitis B virus (HBV);

• wherein the metabolic disease chosen from diabetes;
• hyperglycemia;
• hypoglycemia;
• hyperinsulinemia;
• hyperlipidemia;
• hypertriglyceridemia;
• hypercholesterolemia;
• heart disease;
• metabolic syndrome;
• atherosclerotic disease;
• coronary heart disease;
• coronary artery disease;
• peripheral arterial disease;
• angina pectoris;
• cerebrovascular disease;
• acute coronary syndrome;
• myocardial infarction;
• stroke;
• cardiovascular disease;
• Alzheimer's disease;
• dyslipidemias;
• familial combined hyperlipidemia;
• familial hypertriglyceridemia;
• familial hypercholesterolemia;
• heterozygous hypercholesterolemia;
• homozygous hypercholesterolemia;
• familial defective apolipoprotein B-100;
• polygenic hypercholesterolemia;
• remnant removal disease;
• hepatic lipase deficiency;
• dyslipidemia caused by dietary indiscretion, hypothyroidism, drugs including estrogen and progestin therapy, beta-blockers, and thiazide diuretics;
• nephrotic syndrome;
• chronic renal failure;
• Cushing's syndrome;
• primary biliary cirrhosis;
• glycogen storage disease;
• hepatoma;
• cholestasis;
• acromegaly;
• insulinoma;
• isolated growth hormone deficiency;
• kidney impairment;
• obesity;
• and alcohol-induced hypertriglyceridemia;
• wherein the cardiovascular disease is an atherosclerotic disease.