Systems and methods for biomolecule retention

A method, comprising:

• a) forming a plurality of nucleic acid nanostructures, wherein each nucleic acid nanostructure is coupled to one and only one polypeptide by a separating group, wherein the separating group provides an average separation distance of at least 10 nanometers between the one and only one polypeptide and a nucleic acid nanostructure to which the one and only polypeptide is coupled;
• b) coupling the plurality of nucleic acid nanostructures to a plurality of sites of an array, wherein the plurality of nucleic acid nanostructures comprises a first polypeptide species and a second polypeptide species having a dynamic range of at least 104;
• and
• c) detecting presence of the first polypeptide species and the second polypeptide species at individual sites of the array.

A method, comprising:

• a) forming a plurality of nucleic acid nanostructures, wherein each nucleic acid nanostructure is coupled to one and only one polypeptide, wherein the coupling occurs in the presence of a denaturing species, wherein the plurality of polypeptides comprises a first polypeptide species and a second polypeptide species;
• b) coupling the plurality of nucleic acid nanostructures to a plurality of sites of an array, wherein the array comprises a first polypeptide species and a second polypeptide species having a dynamic range of at least 104;
• and
• c) detecting presence of the first polypeptide species and the second polypeptide species at individual sites of the array.

An array, comprising:

• a) a plurality of sites, wherein each individual site of the plurality of sites is resolvable at single-analyte resolution;
• b) a plurality of nucleic acid nanostructures, wherein each individual site of the plurality of sites is coupled to one and only one individual nucleic acid nanostructure of the plurality of nucleic acid nanostructures;
• and
• c) a plurality of polypeptides, wherein each individual polypeptide of the plurality of polypeptides is coupled to one and only one individual nucleic acid nanostructure of the plurality of nucleic acid nanostructures, wherein the plurality of polypeptides comprises a first polypeptide species and a second polypeptide species having a dynamic range of at least 104.