Systems and methods for fabricating physiologically relevant in vitro vessels

An in vitro vessel comprising:

• a substrate forming a microfluidic channel extending along a longitudinal axis and defined by an inner surface, wherein the microfluidic channel extends between a fluid inlet at a first end of the microfluidic channel and a fluid outlet located at a longitudinally opposed second end of the microfluidic channel;
• an annular outer layer of muscle cells positioned in the microfluidic channel and extending entirely around the longitudinal axis of the microfluidic channel;
• and
• an annular inner layer of endothelial cells positioned in the outer layer of muscle cells within the microfluidic channel and extending entirely around the longitudinal axis of the microfluidic channel, wherein the inner layer of endothelial cells defines a lumen extending longitudinally through the microfluidic channel and in fluid communication with both the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet formed in the substrate.