Preparation of Hydrous Graphene Oxide for Use as a Concrete Admixture

2:

• The process of claim 1, further comprising the step of adding the dispersing agent to the graphitic carbon in the water or aqueous solution prior to subjecting the graphitic carbon in the water or aqueous solution to the high-shear environment.

3:

• The process of claim 2, further comprising, prior to the step of adding the dispersing agent, the step of wet-milling the graphitic carbon in the water or aqueous solution.

4:

• The process of claim 1, further comprising the step of adding an intercalating agent to the graphitic carbon in the water or aqueous solution prior to or concurrently with subjecting the graphitic carbon in the water or aqueous solution to the high-shear environment.

5:

• The process of claim 4, wherein the intercalating agent comprises a caustic intercalating agent.

6:

• The process of claim 5, wherein the intercalating agent comprises at least one of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide.

7:

• The process of claim 6, wherein the intercalating agent comprises potassium hydroxide.

8:

• The process of claim 5, further comprising the step of neutralizing the exfoliated graphene oxide in the water or aqueous solution prior to adding the dispersing agent.

9:

• The process of claim 8, wherein the step of neutralizing comprises adding an acid.

10:

• The process of claim 9, wherein the step of neutralizing comprises sparging the exfoliated graphene oxide in the water or aqueous solution with carbon dioxide.

11:

• The process of claim 1, wherein the step of subjecting the graphitic carbon in the water or aqueous solution to the high-shear environment comprises cycling the graphitic carbon in the water or aqueous solution in a high-shear wet mill.

12:

• The process of claim 1, wherein the graphitic carbon is provided in water.

13:

• The process of claim 1, wherein the dispersing agent comprises lignosulfonate.

14:

• The process of claim 1, wherein the dispersing agent comprises polycarboxylate ether.

15:

• The process of claim 1, wherein the dispersing agent comprises a composition of at least polycarboxylate ether and lignosulfonate.

17:

• The process of claim 1, wherein the graphitic carbon is biochar and the exfoliated graphene oxide is exfoliated bio-graphene oxide.

18:

• A concrete admixture comprising an aqueous dispersion of graphene oxide.

19:

• The concrete admixture of claim 18, wherein the graphene oxide is a biochar-derived graphene oxide.

20:

• The concrete admixture of claim 18, wherein the aqueous dispersion comprises a dispersing agent.

21:

• The concrete admixture of claim 20, wherein the dispersing agent comprises lignosulfonate.

22:

• The concrete admixture of claim 20, wherein the dispersing agent comprises polycarboxylate ether.

23:

• The concrete admixture of claim 20, wherein the dispersing agent comprises a composition of at least polycarboxylate ether and lignosulfonate.

24:

• The concrete admixture of claim 18, further comprising potassium carbonate.

25:

• The concrete admixture of claim 18, further comprising sodium carbonate.

26:

• The concrete admixture of claim 18, further comprising at least one of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide.

27:

• The concrete admixture of claim 18, further comprising potassium hydroxide.

28:

• The concrete admixture of claim 18, further comprising a water-reducing admixture or a plasticizer.

29:

• A concrete composition comprising the concrete admixture of claim 18.

30-41. (canceled)