Metals-based additive manufacturing methods and systems with thermal monitoring and control

A metals-based additive manufacturing machine comprising:

• a metal powder base build stage adapted to receive a metal powder base for metals-based additive manufacturing of a desired artifact;
• a metals-based additive manufacturing light or electron beam source adapted to melt the metal powder base in predetermined patterns to form portions of the desired artifact as a part of the metals-based additive manufacturing;
• a metals-based additive manufacturing controller for directing steering of and emission from the metals-based additive manufacturing light or electron beam source to achieve the predetermined patterns, the metals-based additive manufacturing controller is optionally adapted to adjust the steering of and the emission from the metals-based additive manufacturing light or electron beam source in real time during the metals-based additive manufacturing based on received feedback comprising a three-dimensional temperature map of the melt pool, the three-dimensional temperature map optionally including a portion of the metal powder base and a formed portion of the desired artifact;
• and
• a hybrid temperature monitoring system comprising:
• a Raman spectrometer adapted to measure Raman scattering from Raman-active gas particles adjacent to the melt pool and optionally from Raman-active gas particles adjacent to the metal powder base, the Raman spectrometer is steerable to measure different locations on the melt pool and optionally different locations on the metal powder base, the Raman spectrometer is adapted to measure Stokes and anti-Stokes shifts;
• a single-element ultrasound transducer movable beneath or within the metal powder base build stage, the single-element ultrasound transducer adapted to transmit single-element acoustic pulses into the formed portion of the desired artifact, the metal powder base, and/or the melt pool during the melt, the single-element ultrasound transducer adapted to receive reflected single-element acoustic pulses from one or more single-element locations on a stage-powder interface between the metal powder base build stage and the metal powder base, a stage-artifact interface between the metal powder base build stage and the formed portion of the desired artifact, an artifact-powder interface between the formed portion of the desired artifact and the metal powder base, an artifact-melt interface between the formed portion of the desired artifact and the melt pool, a powder-melt interface between the metal powder base and the melt pool, and/or a melt-gas interface between the melt pool and surrounding gases, the single-element ultrasound transducer oriented to transmit the single-element acoustic pulses at an angle within 5° of normal relative to the stage-powder interface, the stage-artifact interface, the artifact-powder interface, the artifact-melt interface, the powder-melt interface, and/or the melt-gas interface;
• a phased-array ultrasound transducer pair located beneath or within the metal powder base build stage, the phase-array ultrasound transducer pair adapted to transmit phased-array acoustic pulses into the formed portion of the desired artifact, the metal powder base, and/or the melt pool during the melt, the phased-array ultrasound transducer pair adapted to received reflected phased-array acoustic pulses from one or more phased-array locations on the stage-powder interface, the stage-artifact interface, the artifact-powder interface, the artifact-melt interface, the powder-melt interface, and/or the melt-gas interface, the phased-array ultrasound transducer pair is steerable to measure reflections from different locations on the stage-powder interface, the stage-artifact interface, the artifact-powder interface, the powder-melt interface, and/or the melt-gas interface, the phased-array ultrasound transducer pair having a variable-focus ultrasound transmitter, the phased-array ultrasound transducer pair having a beamforming receiver, the phased-array ultrasound transducer pair oriented to transmit the phased-array ultrasound pulses at an angle of at least 5° away from normal relative to the stage-powder interface, the stage-artifact interface, the artifact-powder interface, the artifact-melt interface, the powder-melt interface, and/or the melt-gas interface;
• a processor;
• and
• a memory having stored thereon:
• (i) reference Raman spectra for the Raman-active gas particles and/or one or more equations derived from the reference Raman spectra;
• (ii) reference temperature-dependent acoustic impedances for the metal powder base build stage and/or the metal powder base;
• and (iii) instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:
• a) receive Raman spectra from the Raman spectrometer for a plurality of the different locations on the melt pool and optionally a plurality of the different locations on the metal powder base;
• b) infer a surface temperature of the melt pool at the plurality of locations and optionally the metal powder base at the different locations by determining a temperature of the Raman-active gas particles by comparing the Raman spectra to the reference Raman spectra and/or by using data extracted from the Raman spectra in the one or more equations derived from the reference Raman spectra;
• c) receive pulse-echo signals from the single-element ultrasound transducer, the pulse-echo signals containing information regarding the reflected single-element acoustic pulses from the one or more single-element locations;
• d) receive beamformed signals from the phased-array ultrasound transducer pair, the beamformed signals containing information regarding the reflected phased-array acoustic pulses from the one or more phased-array locations;
• e) determine a volumetric temperature of at least a portion of the melt pool and optionally the portion of the metal powder base and the formed portion of the desired artifact using the pulse-echo signals, the beamformed signals, the reference temperature-dependent acoustic impedances for the metal powder base, and geometric information regarding the geometric relationship between the reflected single-element acoustic pulses and the reflected phased-array acoustic pulses;
• and
• f) generate the three-dimensional temperature map of the melt pool and optionally the portion of the metal powder base and the formed portion of the desired artifact using the surface temperature and the volumetric temperature and optionally deliver the three-dimensional temperature map to the metals-based additive manufacturing controller,
• wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, optionally cause the processor to receive timing information from the metals-based additive manufacturing controller, the Raman spectrometer, the single-element ultrasound transducer, and/or the phased-array ultrasound transducer pair, the surface temperature is optionally a time-variable surface temperature based on the timing information, the volumetric temperature is optionally a time-variable volumetric temperature based on the timing information, and the three-dimensional temperature map is optionally a time-variable three-dimensional temperature map based on the timing information, wherein the metals-based additive manufacturing controller and the processor are optionally the same device.