Methods and intermediates for preparing therapeutic compounds

A process for preparing a compound of formula VIII:

• or a co-crystal, solvate, salt, or combination thereof, comprising resolving a compound of formula X:
• or a co-crystal, solvate, salt, or combination thereof, with a chiral or achiral acid in a solvent in the temperature range of from about −20° C. to about 50° C., optionally in the presence of an aldehyde catalyst and/or optionally a metal catalyst to provide the compound of formula VIII or a co-crystal, solvate, salt, or combination thereof,
• wherein the compound of formula VIII is a compound of formula VIII-02:
• or a co-crystal, solvate, or combination thereof, wherein HX is a chiral acid selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, L-lactic acid L-(+)-tartaric acid, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-(−)-malic acid, D-glucuronic acid, (1R, 3S)-(+)-camphoric acid, (1S)-(+)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid, (R)-(+)-N-(1-phenylethyl)succinamic acid, carbobenzyloxy-L-proline, dibenzoyl-L-tartaric acid, (R)-(+)-3-methyladipic acid, (+)-menthyloxyacetic acid, (−)-pyroglutamic acid, (−)-n-acetyl-L-leucine, (−)-N-acetyl-D-leucine, N-Boc-D-leucine, N-(+)-BOC-phenylalanine, (−)-quinic acid, (+)-n-acetyl-L-phenylalanine, (+)-N-BOC-isoleucine, L-(−)-acetyl glutamic acid, (−)-acetyl mandelic acid, (R)-(−)-citramalic acid, (−)-camphanic acid, and (R)-mandelic acid.