Secure probabilistic one-time program by quantum state distribution

A system, executed by one or more hardware processors, for executing a one-time program comprising at least one instruction operating on at least one input value (a, b) and returning at least one output value (O), comprising:

• a sender device, comprising:
• a photon source configured to emit at least one single photon or at least one ensemble of weakly coherent photons, forming at least one elementary quantum system respectively having a predetermined state;
• and
• a preparation unit for preparing the predetermined state of the at least one elementary quantum system emitted by the photon source;
• and
• a program encoding unit,
• wherein the photon source and the preparation unit are connected to the program encoding unit, which is configured to control the preparation unit depending on at least one instruction of a provided classical program using a predefined program-encoding scheme;
• and
• a receiver device for receiving the at least one elementary quantum system representing the at least one instruction of a provided classical program according to a pre-defined program-encoding scheme;
• an input encoder for encoding the at least one input value (a, b) onto a quantum gate according to a pre-defined input-encoding scheme;
• a quantum device connected to the input encoder and configured to apply the quantum gate to the at least one elementary quantum system;
• a measurement unit making a measurement of a resulting state of the at least one elementary quantum system exiting the quantum device;
• and
• a hardware post-processor connected to the measurement unit and configured to determine the at least one output value (O) from a result of the measurement.