Accessing data storage provided using double-stranded nucleic acid molecules

A method for accessing data storage provided using double-stranded nucleic acid molecules provided on a thermal control device comprising a plurality of sites and temperature control circuitry to independently control a temperature of each of the plurality of sites;

• the method comprising:
• controlling temperatures of the plurality of sites using the temperature control circuitry, to provide a different temperature at a target site compared to other sites of the plurality of sites;
• and
• performing a read operation to read data from one or more selected double-stranded nucleic acid molecules at the target site or a write operation to form one or more new double-stranded nucleic acid molecules encoded with data at the target site, where the different temperatures at the target site and the other sites provide a greater probability of the read or write operation acting on the target site compared to the other sites.