Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus

A process cartridge, wherein the process cartridge integrally supports an electrophotographic photosensitive member having an electro-conductive support, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order, and at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit, a developing unit and a cleaning unit, and is detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein

• an atomic concentration ratio R of an oxygen atom to an aluminum atom on a surface of the electro-conductive support, as measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, satisfies the following Expression (1):
• 1.6≤R (1)
• and the undercoat layer comprises a titanium oxide particle that is surface-treated with at least one chemical compound represented by the following Formulae (A-1) to (A-10), wherein
• R1 to R10 represent a methyl group, an ethyl group or an acetyl group;
• X1 to X5 represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group;
• and n is 1 to 7.

An electrophotographic apparatus comprising:

• an electrophotographic photosensitive member having an electro-conductive support, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order;
• and at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit, an exposure unit, a developing unit and a transfer unit, wherein
• an atomic concentration ratio R of an oxygen atom to an aluminum atom on a surface of the electro-conductive support, as measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, satisfies the following Expression (1):
• 1.6≤R (1)
• and the undercoat layer comprises a titanium oxide particle that is surface-treated with at least one chemical compound represented by the following Formulae (A-1) to (A-10), wherein
• R1 to R10 represent a methyl group, an ethyl group or an acetyl group;
• X1 to X5 represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group;
• and n is 1 to 7.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising an electro-conductive support, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order,

• wherein
• an atomic concentration ratio R of an oxygen atom to an aluminum atom on a surface of the electro-conductive support, as measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, satisfies the following Expression (1):
• 1.6≤R (1)
• and the undercoat layer comprises a titanium oxide particle, and the titanium oxide particle has at least one organic functional group represented by the following Formulae (B-1) to (B-10) on the surface, wherein
• R11 to R20 represent a methyl group, an ethyl group or an acetyl group;
• X6 to X10 represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group;
• x is an integer of 1 to 7;
• y is an integer of 1 to 3;
• z is an integer of 1 to 2;
• and the organic functional group is bonded to the surface of the titanium oxide particle at *.

A process cartridge, wherein the process cartridge integrally supports an electrophotographic photosensitive member having an electro-conductive support, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order, and at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit, a developing unit and a cleaning unit, and is detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein

• an atomic concentration ratio R of an oxygen atom to an aluminum atom on a surface of the electro-conductive support, as measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, satisfies the following Expression (1):
• 1.6≤R (1)
• and the undercoat layer comprises a titanium oxide particle, and the titanium oxide particle has at least one organic functional group represented by the following Formulae (B-1) to (B-10) on the surface, wherein
• R11 to R20 represent a methyl group, an ethyl group or an acetyl group;
• X6 to X10 represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group;
• x is an integer of 1 to 7;
• y is an integer of 1 to 3;
• z is an integer of 1 to 2;
• and the organic functional group is bonded to the surface of the titanium oxide particle at *.

An electrophotographic apparatus comprising:

• an electrophotographic photosensitive member having an electro-conductive support, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order;
• and at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit, an exposure unit, a developing unit and a transfer unit, wherein
• an atomic concentration ratio R of an oxygen atom to an aluminum atom on a surface of the electro-conductive support, as measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, satisfies the following Expression (1):
• 1.6≤R (1)
• and the undercoat layer comprises a titanium oxide particle, and the titanium oxide particle has at least one organic functional group represented by the following Formulae (B-1) to (B-10) on the surface, wherein
• R11 to R20 represent a methyl group, an ethyl group or an acetyl group;
• X6 to X10 represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group;
• x is an integer of 1 to 7;
• y is an integer of 1 to 3;
• z is an integer of 1 to 2;
• and the organic functional group is bonded to the surface of the titanium oxide particle at *.