Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy arrangement and system

A hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) system (100), in particular a laboratory-based system, comprising:

• an X-ray tube (10) providing a beam of photons, which via an X-ray monochromator (20) is directed through the system so as to excite electrons from an illuminated sample,
• the X-ray tube being connected to a monochromator vacuum chamber (70) in which a crystal is configured to monochromatize and focus the beam onto the sample,
• the monochromator vacuum chamber is connected to an analysis vacuum chamber (45) via a flexible vacuum bellow (94), which is fixed to both vacuum chambers (45, 70), the flexibility of the bellow allowing precise alignment of the monochromatized and focused beam,
• the illuminated sample being mounted on a manipulator (35), movable in at least one direction to allow for measurements at different sample angles, inside the analysis vacuum chamber,
• the analysis vacuum chamber being connected to an electron energy analyser (50), which is mounted onto the analysis vacuum chamber,
• characterised in that
• a gap (66) is provided between the X-ray source and the monochromator vacuum chamber, which gap is provided with a first radiation trap (60) to shield the ambient from the radiation when the gap is illuminated with X-rays from the X-ray tube.