Tools and methods for producing nanoantenna electronic devices

A rectifying antenna system for converting electromagnetic radiation into electricity, the system comprising:

• a. a film substrate having a first electrically conductive layer that is planar and adjacent to the film substrate, wherein the first electrically conductive layer is configured as a first antenna structure with associated contact leads;
• b. a first insulator layer that is planar and in contact with at least one portion of the first electrically conductive layer, wherein an interface between the first electrically conductive layer and the first insulator layer forms a first diode junction having a first pattern;
• c. a second insulator layer overlying the first insulator layer, wherein an interface between the first and second insulator layers forms a second diode junction having a second pattern, wherein the second pattern is similar to the first pattern;
• d. a second electrically conductive layer overlying the second insulator layer, wherein an interface between the second electrically conductive layer and the second insulator layer forms a third diode junction having a third pattern;
• e. a standoff structure that is insulating and complementary to the antenna structure component, wherein the standoff structure is essentially planar and in direct contact with at least one part of the second electrically conductive layer and has approximately the same height relative to the film substrate;
• and
• f. a third electrically conductive layer in contact with an upper surface, distal from the film substrate, of the standoff structure and adjacent to the third diode junction, thereby forming a second antenna structure with associated contact leads, wherein the second antenna structure is complementary to the first antenna structure;
• g. wherein all of the layers of (a) through (f) are configured as a layered stack of essentially planar layers.