Electrodes Including a Passivation Layer

An electrochemical cell, comprising:

• (i) an anode comprising an active anode species;
• (ii) a cathode comprising an active cathode species;
• and
• (iii) an aqueous-based electrolyte composition positioned between and in contact with the anode and the cathode;
• wherein at least the anode includes a first passivation layer comprising a first polymeric material and at least a first electrolyte distributed throughout the first polymeric material, the first passivation layer being positioned between the active anode species and the aqueous-based electrolyte composition.

A method of forming an electrode, comprising:

• (i) providing or forming an electrode-composition including an active electrode species, wherein the electrode-composition comprises a first surface;
• (ii) providing or forming a passivation-composition comprising a mixture of (a) a polymeric material and at least a first electrolyte in a liquid medium or (b) monomers and at least a first electrolyte in a liquid medium;
• (iii) coating at least a portion of the first surface with the passivation-composition to provide a liquid-containing pre-passivation layer on at least a portion of the first surface;
• and
• (iv) at least one of drying or radically-curing the liquid-containing pre-passivation layer to form a passivation layer comprising a dry mixture of a cured polymeric material and the first electrolyte.

A method of forming an electrochemical cell, comprising:

• (i) providing or forming an anode comprising a first passivation layer defining a first anode-surface;
• (ii) providing or forming a cathode;
• and
• (iii) positioning an aqueous-based electrolyte composition between and in contact with the first anode-surface and the cathode.