Solid catalysts for producing alcohols and methods of making the same

21) A catalyst comprising:

• a solid support, the solid support including an oxide;
• a first metal deposited on the solid support, the first metal including at least one of ruthenium (Ru), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd);
• a second metal deposited on the solid support such that the second metal reacts with the oxide and first metal creating at least one bimetallic oxide nanoparticle dispersed upon the solid support, the second metal including at least one of tin (Sn), rhenium (Re), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), or tungsten (W);
• and
• the first metal and the second metal are present in the catalyst at a first metal to second metal mass ratio between about 1.0:2.0 and about 1.0:0.5.

29) A method comprising:

• providing hydrogen;
• providing carboxylic acid;
• providing a catalyst, the catalyst comprising:
• a solid support, the solid support including an oxide,
• a first metal deposited on the solid support, the first metal including at least one of ruthenium (Ru), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd),
• a second metal deposited on the solid support such that the second metal reacts with the oxide and first metal creating at least one bimetallic oxide nanoparticle dispersed upon the solid support, the second metal including at least one of tin (Sn), rhenium (Re), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), or tungsten (W), and
• the first metal and the second metal are present in the catalyst at a first metal to second metal mass ratio between about 1.0:2.0 and about 1.0:0.5;
• and
• contacting the hydrogen, carboxylic acid, and catalyst such that at least a portion of the carboxylic acid is converted to an alcohol.